【摘要】本文从一则英语剧编演教学案例入手,谈如何尝试 drama 与小学英语教学的有机衔接,从新视角思考与探寻自主有效课堂教学的构建与实施。
【关键词】英语剧编演 自主有效
一、从“三维”看drama编演
《英语课程标准》指出:要使学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作、探究等方式,发展听、说、读、写综合语言技能;要使学生形成积极的情感态度,主动参与活动,实现任务目标,收获自信成功。drama ,可以扮演重要的角色。
牛津小学英语6B《U3 Asking the way》Part E是关于Nancy去书店买书的过程中,被小偷偷了钱包,路人、警察的帮忙捉小偷的故事。笔者以第三者的口吻,对故事进行回忆式的讲诉,然而过去式充斥着整篇文章,这造成了学生表达的障碍,若采用传统“填鸭式”的教学方式逐字逐句学习词组、句子,学生会索然无味,学习效果会大大降低。关键是这则故事贴近生活、趣味性强、情节性强,非常适合表演。
传统的课堂中,学生是被动的知识吸收者,死记硬背大量的表达法或句式,缺少了学习者主动建构自己的知识经验这一过程,因此,学生即使记住了一些表达,但是却不能合理运用,学生一旦参与真实交际,就会错误连篇,甚至不知所云。学生渴望一种激发他们进行真实交际的环境,因此,于课标、于教材、于学生,我尝试英语剧编演。
二、Drama编演的教学实践
1、任务驱动,有效学习文本
建构主义认为教师和学习者要把所学知识与一定的真实任务情境挂钩起来。学生在观看完这则故事的flash后,教师要布置给学生任务,这些任务将带领学生逐步理解文本。
首先,“要演谁”?
这个故事中涉及到Nancy, thief ,policeman ,passerby(woman)4个人物,他们是故事的核心,但是在此之前,他们完全陌生,谁也不认识谁,可是在这一天,thief偷了Nancy的钱包,woman、policeman帮助Nancy捉thief,使这4个人联系在了一起。分析这些人物之间的关系能帮助学生理清故事的情节。为了激发学生的想象力、创造力和对生活的观察力,在这里可以鼓励学生创设更多的角色,比如Nancy’s friend, the thief’s son, shopkeeper等角色,来丰富故事的情节和结局。
其次,“在哪演”?
英语剧表演涉及到场景的转换,场景的转换带动情节的发展,故事的推进。通过阅读文本,学生很容易找到in the bookshop, in the street这2个场景,根据之前角色的添加,学生又设置了in the thief’s home, in the police station这2个场景。建构主义认为,学习是一种真实情境的体验,学习者不仅要懂得某些知识,而且真正要运用所学知识做事情。一幕幕换场,使学生置身于一次次真实的情境中。
其次,“演什么”?
演什么,即故事的主要内容。这则文本展示了故事的内容,但是这个内容还有很多“留白”,即Why does the thief steal Nancy’s purse? What’s in the purse? Does Nancy get her purse back? How does the policeman deal with the thief? What’s the end of the story? 建构主义理论认为,学习是一种意义建构的过程,学生在学习新的知识时,不是通过教师传授而获得,而是通过个体对知识单元的经验解释从而变成自己的内部表达。学习更是一种意义协商的过程,每个学习者都有自己的认知结构,对现实世界都有自己的经验解释。学生在这些问题的驱动下,精读文本,在理解故事的基础上,进行发挥、创造,设计出更完整、合理和有趣的英语故事,为下一步编演英语剧作好了充分的准备。
2、学习技巧,体验自主表演
角色和剧本的确定,是创编英语剧的前提。接下来面临的就是“如何演”?这其中涉及到舞台动作、语言技巧等表演技巧的学习。人物语言起到展示人物性格、揭示人物内心、推动情节发展的作用。所有外部动作都是根据人物内心的情绪展示出来的。笔者通过Where should we stand on the stage? How to act as the thief when he’s stealing Nancy’s purse? How does Nancy feel when she finds that she lost her purse and how to act it out? Can we speak as usual when we’re on the stage ?等问题,引导学生关注人物语言。而学生只有设身处地、发挥想象、融入角色、运用表演技巧,才能真正体会英语剧表演的艺术。
3、细化评价,促进学生编演
教师对于英语剧编演的指导是通过评价来实现的。如果没有评价,学生的排演将会带有盲目性;如果评价不正确,将会误导学生,使活动流于形式。对学生的评价应该遵循发展性评价与终结性评价结合的原则。只有将评价项目具体化、细则化,才能更准确地分析学生,找到对策指导下一步的编演。
学生英语剧编演评价方案
完成情况(Attainment)ABCD
评分标准(Criteria)总是(always)经常(mostly)有时(sometimes)很少(seldom)
Self-assessment
(自评)From the classmates
(同学评价)From the teacher
(师评)
Classwork(课堂表现)
Concentration in class(集中注意力)
Active participation in class(积极参与)
Good behaviour in lessons(课上行为端正)
Good presentation of work(良好的成果展示)
Effort(努力程度)
Making a real effort to improve
(努力取得进步)
Positive attitude to studies(学习态度积极)
Personal competencies(个人能力)
Good oral presentation skills
(口语表达能力良好)
Confidence in public speaking
(能够自信地在公众面前讲话)
Teamwork(团队合作)
Leadership(领导能力)
Independent learning(独立学习)
Reflective-learns from experience
(善于总结经验教训)
Acting skills(表演技巧)
Using body language(使用肢体动作)
Speaking stage language(使用舞台语言)
Putting myself in the situation(设身处地)
Acting in the role(融入角色)
Having imagination (发挥想象)
Personal preparation(个人准备)
Costumes(演出服装)
Props(道具)
4、撰写剧本,有效提升能力
英语剧编演到后期,可以鼓励学生撰写英文剧本。英语剧剧本的创作,遵循英语学习中“听说领先、读写跟上”的原则。通过之前的编演,剧本便水到渠成了,“编”在此也得到了体现。因此当然,在剧本的撰写方面,教师可以适度指导,如,舞台提示包括:人物表、时间、地点、人物台词的心理情绪、动作等,而人物本身的台词包括、独白和旁白等。剧本的创作,是一个培养学生听、说、读、写综合素养的过程,学生对知识已内化,真正有效地提升了运用的能力。展示学生的课本剧剧本。
Catch the thief
A The thief’s son(Peter) B the thief(Bob) C Nancy D The policeman E passerby( a man) F the other policeman
Scene 1 In Bob’s home
(Our story begins in a small town. There’s a poor man .His son’s birthday is coming soon. But he lost his job one year ago.)
(Bob 正惆怅地抽着烟。)
A: Hi, dad, my birthday is coming soon. I’d like a birthday cake.
B: No problem, I’ll buy one for you.
A: Huray, thank you ,dad.
B: I lost my job for a year. I have no money, what can I do ?(满脸忧愁,想满足儿子的生日要求,但是又囊中羞涩。)
Scene2 In the bookshop
(It is Sunday afternoon, Nancy wants to buy a book about animals. She goes into a bookshop).
C: Wow, there are so many books. And this one is about animals. I’ll read it first. Hahaha ,so funny. The lions can dance.
(At this time, the thief walks into the bookshop, too.)
B: Wow, what a big purse. (发现钱包的惊喜)There must be a lot of money in it. I’ll take it.(贪婪的表情)
C: Hey, what are you doing?
B: I, I’m just looking for an interesting book. (心虚)
C:Wow, it’s an interesting book.I’ll buy it.Oh, my god, where’s my purse?It was there a moment ago. I remember, the man must be the thief. I’ll catch him.
Scene3 In the street
C:Stop thief,stop thief.(撞了路人E)
E:Oh,what a bad day.
C:Are you OK?
E:Never mind. But what’s it so urgent?
C: A thief stole my purse.But he runs faster than me. Can you help me?
E: Don’t worry. I’ll call the police.
D: What’s the man like?
C: He’s short and thin. He wears a red jacket.
D: Where’s he now?
C: He ran along the street and turned left at the first crossing.
(警察、Nancy、路人一起开始追小偷。)
D: Stop running, stop running.I’m the policeman.(抓住了小偷。)
Scene 4 In the police station
D: Here’s the purse for you.
C: Thank you, sir.(Nancy拿回了钱包。)
F: What’s your name?
B:(不屑一顾,不理会警察。)
F:How old are you?
B:I don’t know.
F: Are you kidding me?
B: Yes.
F:I saw you three time this month.This time you should stay in the jail for 1 year.
B: Oh, no.(抱头懊悔)sir, I wanna see my son, please.please.(恳求着)
(The policeman takes Bob’s son to see him.)
A: Dad, why are you here?
B:Sorry, my son. I just wanted to buy you a birthday cake,but,but, I have no money, I stole the girl’s purse. I know it’s illegal to steal. Remember, never try to be a man like me.
A: Dad, I don’t need any presents, I just want you.
(父子俩抱头哭泣)
F: Time’s up. See?
(全体人员为Peter唱Happy Birthday to you ,Nancy bought a cake with the money in the purse.)
F: The police station needs a helper. Would you like to work with me after being released from the jail?
B: Oh, really? It’s my pleasure.(Bob紧紧握住警察的手)
(The thief turns into an honest man with the help of so many warm-hearted people.)
(The end)
Drama编演,以一种全新的方式反映了现实生活与语言学习的内容,作为一种引导学生自主学习语言的教学活动,培养了学生在具体环境中有效使用语言进行交流的能力,使不同素质的学生得到了不同程度地提高。Drama奏响了自主有效教学的新乐章。
参考文献:
【1】(美)乔治·贝克著,余上沅译.5戏剧技巧6.中国戏剧出版社,2004年版. 204.
【2】《英语课程标准》(实验)人民教育出版社。
【3】《戏剧表演基础》梁伯龙、李月中国戏剧出版社